23 Feb Species like cattle, deer, sheep, horses, and rabbits that depend entirely on plants for food are classified as herbivores.-Animals like dogs and cats that depend almost entirely on the fles
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The digestive system
-Species like cattle, deer, sheep, horses, and rabbits that depend entirely on plants for food are classified as herbivores.-Animals like dogs and cats that depend almost entirely on the flesh of other animals for food are classified as carnivores.-others, like swine, birds, and humans that consume both flesh and plants are classified as omnivores.
The abdominal fascia and musclesThe abdominal fascia consists of superficial fascia, which is attached to the cutaneous trunci muscle, and the deep fascia that forms the abdominal tunic. Its function is to support the weight of the abdominal viscera. The linea Alba:it is a white fibrous raphe that extends from the xiphoid cartilage to the prepubic tendon. It results from the union of the aponeurosis of the oblique and transverse abdominal muscles. The prepubic tendon: Is essentially the tendon of insertion of rectus abdominis muscles.
The abdominal muscles include:1.The obliqius externus abdominis (external oblique abdominal muscle):Its fibres are directed caudoventrally.O: from the caudal border and lateral surface of the last eight ribs.I: to the coxal tuber, prepubic tendon and linea alba.A: compress the abdominal viscera.N: Spinal nerves of the region.2. The obliqius internus abdominis (internal oblique abdominal muscle).O: the coxal tuber and deep lumbar fascia.I: the caudal border of last rib, prepubic tendon and linea alba.A: compress and support the abdominal viscera.N: thoracic and lumbar nerves.
3. The transversus abdominis (transverse abdominal):O: the deep lumbar fascia.I: the linea alba.A: retracts the ribs and compress the abdominal viscera.4. Rectus abdominis (straight abdominal ):It is confined to the ventral abdominal wall and extends from the sternum to the pubis.O: the ventral and lateral surfaces of the sternum as far as the 3rd or 4th costal cartilages.I: the prepubic tendon.A: to arch the dorsum and to aid in all functions which dependent upon abdominal press e.g. urination, defecation, parturition and expiration. N: thoracic and first two lumbar nerves.
The inguinal canals:is an oblique passages through the caudal part of the abdominal wall. The paired canals lie on either side of the prepubic tendon. The canals begin at the deep inguinal ring and extends obliquely ventromedially to end at the superficial inguinal ring.In the male: this passage between the abdominal muscle contains the spermatic cord, vaginal tunic, cremaster muscle and other structures.In the female: it contains the external pudendal vessels, ilioinguinal and genitofemoral vessels.
The thoracic and abdominal cavities communicate via 3 openings:The esophageal hiatus.The caval(vena cava) foramenThe aortic hiatus.The pelvic cavity is a direct continuation of the abdominal cavity.
The abdominal cavity:The abdominal cavity and the cranial part of the pelvic cavity are lined by the peritoneum.The abdominal cavity extends from diaphragm to the pelvic inlet.The most cranial part of it extends into thorax (intrathoracicpart of the abdominal cavity).Depending on their location organs can be grouped as: intraperitoneal (gastrointestinal tract, liver ?), retroperitoneal (kidney) and extraperitoneal(ovary).
The digestive system includes the digestive tube and several accessory glands. The digestive tube consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The associated accessory glands comprise the salivary glands, the liver and pancreas.
The mouth includes:-the lips, the oral cavity and the accessory structures (tongue, teeth and the salivary glands)The lips:-they are formed of lower mandibular and upper maxillary lip.-The lips assist in suckling &in prehension of food or they may act as tactile organs. They differ in shape and mobility from species to species.-The lips of sheep are very mobile and important for prehension.-The upper lip presents a median groove called philtrum.
Comparative features:In the ox:The lips are thick, not mobile, insensetive and not important for prehension.In the horse:the lips are very mobile , very sensitive and very important for prehension.The cheeks:-They tend to be most capacious in herbivores, especially in ruminants.-The buccal mucosa in ruminants carries conical buccal papillae which directed toward the pharynx
The form of the lips is determined by diet and feeding habitsLIPSMoremobile and moresensitive, capableto food intake and it is used as a signal aggression (means of communication)Lessmobile and incapableto food intakeThe upper lip is divided by a median groove; thephiltrumIn dog, the lips can be drawn back from the teeth as a signal aggression (means of communication)Ox: are insensitiveand the upper lip is modified to form the nasolabialplateSmall ruminants: is divided by a median groove in the upper lip
The palate:Two parts: hard palate and soft palate -The osseous palate and the mucosa that cover its oral surface is called the hard palate.-It is bounded rostrally and laterally by the dental arch; caudally it is continuous with the soft palate.-The mucous membrane is tough and presents transverse ridges which are 14-18 palatine ridges.
-The upper incisors are absent in ox, sheep , goat , camel and replaced by dental pad.-In the ox the ridges are studded with caudally directed cornified papillae.-In the camel the soft palate has a large diverticulum (Dulla).The tongue(lingua or glossa):–It is composed of mucous membrane, striated muscles, connective and adipose tissue and some glands.-It is very mobile and has a root, body and tip or apex. The tip is pointed in sheep and ox.
-In the camel the soft palate has a large diverticulum (Dulla).
-The ventral surface is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by the frenulum linguae which is a median fold.-In ruminants the caudal portion of the dorsal surface is raised to form a prominence called the torus linguae. Rostral to the torus is the lingual fossa.-The mucous membrane of the tongue presents numerous papillae. Some of which have a mechanical function and others contains taste buds, therefore serve a gustatory function.
-The mechanical group includes the filiform , lenticular and conical papillae.-The gustatory group includes the fungiform, vallate (circumvallate and foliate (in horse) papillae.-The fungiform are numerous especially along the edges of the apex. The vallate are found on each side of the caudal part of the torus. They are about 18-24 in sheep and 8-17 in ox and goat.
-In ruminants foliate papillae are absent.-The lenticular and conical papillae are found on the dorsal surface of the caudal part of the tongue. -The lingual glands are small lobules under the mucosa and embedded in the musculature. The lingual tonsil is the aggregate of lymphatic follicles on the root of the tongue.
Comparative features:The tongue of ox:1. It has a torus linguae defined rostrally by the transverse lingual fossa.2. The frenulum is extensive. 3. The apex is pointed and has a rounded margin.
The tongue of horse:1. The apex is spatula-shape.2. It has no torus linguae.3. It has no conical or lenticular papillae.4. The filiform papillae are soft and thin.5. The foliate papillae are present and located laterally just rostral to the palatoglossal arches.6. It has a pair of vallate papillae on the dorsum.
Tongue of camel:The camel hasa typically elongated mammalian tongue, which tapers to a dorsally flattened tip.The tongue of camel consisted of apex, body and the root. Dorsal surface of the tongue showed filiform, fungiform, lenticular and vallate or circumvallate papillae. The caudal part of the dorsal surface is raised (torus linguae) to form a large prominence which has the lingual fossa rostrally.Itsapex: It carries a mediangroove dorsally. The vallate papilla are present in one row laterally in the root of the tongue . Foliate papillae were absent in the tongue of the camel.
The tongue of dog:A median groove present on its dorsal surface .In the beneath of its ventral part it carries a rod-shaped fibrous body, the Lyssa which extends into the root of the tongue
The muscles of the tongue:the muscles of the tongue consists of:1. The intrinsic muscles proper which form the bulk of the tongue.2. Extrinsic muscles which arise on the skeleton and enter the tongue.The extrinsic muscles include:1. Genioglossus.2. Hypoglossus.3. Styloglossus.
It consists of the teeth and gums, the temporomandibular joint and the masticatory musclesThe muscles of mastication includes Masseter muscleLateral and medial pterygoids muscleTemporal muscleMASTICATORY APPARATUS
DENTAL FORMULAEMolars(M)Premolars(PM)Canine(C)Incisors(I)Arcade
DENTAL FORMULAEHorseNo canine in femaleRuminantsNo upper incisorsHave 4 lower incisors CamelOnly one upper incisorDeciduousNo molars
DENTAL FORMULAEDeciduousPermanentDogCatHorseRuminantsCamel
Ruminants and horse:the lumen of the oesophagus is narrow at the thoracic inlet and the diaphragmproblem of obstructionCarnivores:it is dilated before it enters the abdomenESOPHAGUS
The stomach:It interposed between the esophagus and small intestine.The stomachs can be divided into: Simple stomach: has only one chamber.Complex stomach: forms of more than one chamber.The lining epithelium of the stomach is varied between domestic animals. According to that, stomachs can divided into:Simple, glandular stomach (cats and dogs).Simple,Compositestomach (horse and big).A complex, composite stomach (ruminants and camel).
The simple stomach:It is a sac-shaped dilation of the alimentary canal.Position:It lies to the left of the median plane of the abdomen.Shape:It is j-shaped, but it depends in condition of filling.It divided into:
The inlet of the stomach (cardia) and the outlet (pylorus) are controlled by sphincters.The body is the large part, whereas fundus present between cardia and body.The parietal surface of the stomach lies against the diaphragm and the liver.The visceral surface of it is in contact with the adjacent abdominal organs.The greater curvature is convex, which gives attachment to the greater omentum.The lesser curvature is concave, connected to the liver by lesser omentum.
The omenta: The greater omentum:It is a double fold of peritoneum made up of two parts. The superficial part is attached to the left longitudinal groove of the rumen, curves around it ,ascends to the right side and is attached to the greater curvature of the abomasum and the second part of the duodenum. The deep part is attached to the right longitudinal groove of the rumen, curves around the intestinal mass covered by the superficial layer.
The lesser omentum:The lesser omentum begins on the visceral surface of the liver and passes to the omasum, lesser curvature of abomasum and the cranial part of the duodenum.
The stomach of the horse: The mucosa (fundus) is divided into large non-glandular region and small glandular region.J-shaped, the fundus has a dorsal large called sac, Saccus caecusThe plicata border (Margo plicatus) separates the glandular from the non-glandular partThe cardiac sphincter is well developed and together with the oblique entrance of the oesophagus is thought to be the horse is not capable to vomit
The complex stomach:The stomach of the ruminantsis composed of:Rumen, reticulum and omasum are referred to as forestomach, which has a non-glandular mucosa (destruction of the complex carbohydrates).The abomasum has a glandular mucosa and is comparable to the simple stomach.The complex stomach occupying the whole of the left half of the abdomen and part of the right side.
The rumen is situated in the left side, the reticulum in the cranial part and omasum in the right side.The rumen:It resembles a large sac which fills the left half of the abdomen.It extends from the diaphragm cranially to the pelvic inlet caudally.It has parietal surface (diaphragm and abdominal wall), and a visceral surface (liver, intestine, omasum and abomasum).It divided into several portions by pillars of rumen (inflections of the wall).
These groves are corresponding to folds in interior of the rumen; ruminal pillarsThe mucosa of the rumen is characterised by the presence of the papillae. These papillae are not developed over the centre of the roof or the free margin of the pillars The rumen is a large sac. It has 2 surfaces (parietal and visceral) and 2 curvatures (dorsal and ventral)It is divided by grooves into dorsal, ventral, cranial (atrium) caudal sac. The caudal sac is subdivided into caudodorsal and caudoventral part
The reticulum:It spherical in shape, smaller than the rumen and located cranially in contact with the diaphragm.It lies ventral to the esophageal-gastric junction and dorsal to xiphoid cartilage.The mucosa is non-glandular, it has a distinctive honeycomb patternformed by ridges and the cell floor has short papillae.
Omasum:It lies within the intrathoracicpart of the abdomen to the right of the ruminoreticularcompartment.It is sphere in cattle and bean-shaped in small ruminants.It communicates with the reticulum through reticulo-omasalopening, and with the abomasum through omaso-abomasalopening. The non-glandular mucosal surface is occupied by paralledlaminaewhich have small papillae in their surfaces.
Omasum Aboasum
Abomasum:It corresponds to the simple stomach of the other domestic animals (fundus, body and pylorus).It is lined by a glandular mucosa.The position is variable (age, pregnancy, fullness?..), it lies at the floor of the left abdomen part.There are greater omentum and lesser omentum.The greater omentum surrounded the ventral sac of rumen, whereas the lesser between the lesser curvature of the abomasum and visceral surface of the liver.The intestine lies above omentum (supra-omental recess).Blood supply, innervation and lymph drainage similar to the simple stomach.
It is a groove which extend from the oesophagus and passes within the reticulum and the omasum towards the abomasumIt consist of :-Reticular groove -Omasal grooveAbomasalgrooveIt is used during the sucking which is closed to form a tube for passing the milk directly into the abomasumGASTRIC GROOVE
Stomach of camel:1. Multilocular composite stomach.2. The inner surface of the rumen is partially lined by smooth mucosa while in other parts it presents mucous membrane folds that form small squares or cells which are lined by glandular mucosa referred to as glandular sacs or saccules or cellulae ruminis.3. The omasum and abomasum form a continuous tubular portion called the omasoabomasal complex.
Rumen of camel (smooth mucosa) glandulrsacsOmasoabomasalcomplex
The accessory glands associated to the digestive systemsalivary glands, liver and Pancreas
The liver:It is an elongated and somewhat rectangular organ that lies to the right median plane. Its average wiehtin sheep is 550-700gm. The parietal surface is related to the diaphragm (diaphragmatic surface) and the visceral surface is medial. The portal fissure is almost centrally placed on the visceral surface. At this area enter the portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic nerves and leaving the fissure are bile duct and hepatic lymphatic duct. The lobationof the liver is more distinct in sheep than in ox.
The liver has the following lobes:1. Right lobe.2. Left lobe. (ventral in ruminant)3. Quadrate lobe.4. Caudate lobe, which has a papillary and caudate processes. The caudate lobe is between the vena cava and the left branch of the portal vein. The quadrate lobe is between the left branch and the ventral border of the liver.
Attachments of the liver:1. The round ligament is a slight thickening of the falciform ligament. It is the vestige of the umbilical vein. 2. the right triangular ligament attaches the caudolateral angle of the right lobe to the dorsal abdominal wall. 3. The left triangular ligament extends from the esophageal impression to the diaphragm to the esophageal hiatus.4. Coronary ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm on a line from the right triangular ligament along the right side of the vena cava and around the ventral margin of the foramen vena cavae to the left triangular ligament.5. The hepatorenal ligament passes from the caudate process to the ventral surface of the right kidney.
6. Falciformligament is attached to the diaphragmicsurface of the liver along a line from the esophageal impression to the notch for the round ligament.7. The lesser omentum.In many adult ruminants the round and falciformdisappear.
Comparative features:Liver of horse:1. The right lobe is irregularly quadrilateral in shape.2. The left lobe has lateral &medial parts. 3. The papillary process is absent.4. The gallbladder is absent.
Liver of camel: 1. Lobation is clear.2. triangular in shape. 3. the dorsal border is thick while the remaining borders are sharp and characterized by presence of irregular fissures.4. The visceral and diaphragmic surfaces also show fissures.5. The gallbladder is absent.
The liver of dog:1. it has larger number of lobes. 2. Each of the right and left lobes has medial and lateral parts.3. The gallbladder doesn?t reach the ventral border of liver.
The parotid gland lies at the junction of the head and neck and its duct open in the oral vestibule just opposite the third to fifth cheek toothThe mandibular gland is lying between the linguofacial and maxillary veins just caudal to the angle of the mandible and its duct open with the duct of the sublingual glands in the sublingual caruncleSalivary glands:Discharge their secretions into the oral cavityThey include minor and major glandsThe major salivary glands :the parotid, mandibular, sublingualThe minor salivary glands:labial, buccal, molar, lingual and palatine glands
The pancreas:The pancreas of sheep is yellowish brown in color. It is lobulated gland and combines exocrine and endocrine parts. It is closely related to the duodenum in the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity.The pancreas of horse has a large body and long left and short right lobes, that of camel is narrow and triangular with thick cranial head and a thin caudal tail. The pancreas of dog is U-shaped
