With the exception of Egypt, Africa is commonly thought of as a place where no major civilization arose to dominate the many tribal groups of the continent. After reviewing this week's materials do you think that this idea holds merit? How do these civilizations compare to the other civilizations?

• Consider the influence of these groups.
• How did they influence African trade and integration?
• Have they had a long-lasting impact on the development of African societies?
• Provide an example to support your thoughts.