According to Karen Cook Bell in "African American Freedom and the Illusive Forty Acres and a Mule"  what did African Americans do for themselves in the absence of "forty acres and a mule"?

How did Ida B. Wells and W.E.B. DuBois challenge Jim Crow and lynchings in America?

What was Booker T. Washington's philosophy for black advancement?

Classmates posts will follow after discussion post is posted.