Select one of the conceptual models or theories described in chapter 6. Formulate a research question and one?to two hypotheses that could be used empiraclly to test the utility of t

22 Sep Select one of the conceptual models or theories described in chapter 6. Formulate a research question and one?to two hypotheses that could be used empiraclly to test the utility of t

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Select one of the conceptual models or theories described in chapter 6. Formulate a research question and one to two hypotheses that could be used empiraclly to test the utility of the conceptual framework or model in nursing practice.

Chapter 8

Planning a Nursing Study

Question

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

The major methodologic challenge in designing a qualitative study is that it is reliable and valid.

Answer

False

Researchers face numerous conceptual, practical, ethical, and methodologic challenges in planning a study. The major methodologic challenge is designing a study that is reliable and valid (quantitative studies) or trustworthy (qualitative studies).

Question

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

Validity refers to the accuracy and consistency of information obtained in a study.

Answer

False

Reliability refers to the accuracy and consistency of information obtained in a study. Validity is a more complex concept that broadly concerns the soundness of the study’s evidence.

Key Challenges of Doing Research

Conceptual
Financial
Administrative
Practical
Ethical

Clinical
Methodologic

Major Methodologic Challenge

Designing studies that are:

Reliable and valid (quantitative studies)
Trustworthy (qualitative studies)

Criteria for Evaluating Quantitative Research

Reliability

The accuracy and consistency of obtained information

Validity

The soundness of the evidence—whether findings are convincing, well-grounded

Question

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

Confirmability refers to evidence of the researcher’s objectivity.

Answer

True

Confirmability refers to evidence of the researcher’s objectivity.

Dimensions of Trustworthiness in Qualitative Studies

Credibility
Confirmability
Dependability
Transferability
Authenticity

Triangulation

Multiple sources
Draw conclusions
One approach to establish credibility

Bias

An influence producing a distortion in study results

Examples of factors creating bias:

Lack of participants’ candor
Faulty methods of data collection
Researcher’s preconceptions
Faulty study design

Research Control in Quantitative Studies

Achieved by holding constant factors (extraneous variables) that influence the dependent variable in order to better understand its relationship with the independent variable

Randomness: an important tool for achieving control over extraneous variables

Randomness

Having certain features of the study established by chance rather than by design or personal preference

Reflexivity

Process of reflecting critically on the self and of scrutinizing personal values that could affect data collection and interpretation

Generalizability and Transferability

Generalizability (quantitative research): the extent to which study findings are valid for other groups not in the study

Transferability (qualitative research): the extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other settings

Overview of Research Design Features

Comparisons:

Comparison among two or more groups

Comparison of one group’s status at two or more points in time

Comparison of one group’s status under different circumstances

Comparison based on relative rankings

Comparison with other studies

Research Location

Site selections
Site visits

Design

Cross-sectional: involves data collection at one point in time
Longitudinal: involves data collection at two or more points over an extended period

– Trend studies

– Panel studies

– Follow-up studies

Retrospective Design versus
Prospective Design

Retrospective design: involves the collection of data about an outcome in the present and about possible causes or antecedents in the past
Prospective design: involves having information about a cause or antecedent first and then the subsequent collection of information about outcomes

Self-Report

Direct questioning of people about phenomena of interest
Versatile
Powerful
Respondents’ deliberate or inadvertent misrepresentations

Biophysiologic Measures

High-quality data
Objective
Valid
Cost-efficient

Records

Economical source
Bias:
Selective deposit
Selective survival

Pilot Study (Feasibility Study)

Small-scale version or trial run designed to test methods to be used in a larger, more rigorous study (the parent study)

Chapter 7

Ethics in Nursing Research

Question

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

An ethical dilemma occurs when a situation in which the rights of study participants are in direct conflict with requirements for a rigorous study.

Answer

True

An ethical dilemma is situation in which the rights of study participants are in direct conflict with requirements for a rigorous study.

Ethical Dilemma in Conducting Research

A situation in which the rights of study participants are in direct conflict with requirements for a rigorous study

Question

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

The Nuremberg Code serves as the basis for regulations affecting research sponsored by the U.S. government.

Answer

False

The Belmont Report serves as the basis for regulations affecting research sponsored by the U.S. government. The Nuremberg Code was an international effort to establish ethical standards.

Code of Ethics

Nuremberg Code
Declaration of Helsinki
Belmont Report
Codes for professional disciplines (e.g., by the American Nurses Association, American Psychological Association)

Question

What is nonmaleficence?

Performance of some good

Protection from physical and psychological harm and exploitation

Participants right to self-determination

Freedom to control their own actions

Answer

Beneficence involves the performance of some good, and the protection of participants from physical and psychological harm and exploitation is nonmaleficence. Respect for human dignity involves participants’ right to self-determination, which means they have the freedom to control their own actions.

Question

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

Justice includes the right to fair treatment and the right to privacy.

Answer

True

Justice includes the right to fair treatment and the right to privacy.

Ethical Principles from the Belmont Report

Principle of Beneficence: Above all,
do no harm.

Freedom from harm

Freedom from exploitation

Maximizing benefits to participants and society

Maintaining an appropriate risk/benefit ratio

Ethical Principles from the Belmont Report (cont.)

Principle of Respect for Human
Dignity

Right to self-determination (absence of coercion)

Right to full disclosure (absence of deception or concealment)

Ethical Principles from the Belmont Report (cont.)

Principle of Justice

Right to fair treatment

Right to privacy (confidentiality, anonymity)

Informed Consent

Informed consent means that participants:

Have adequate information about the research
Can comprehend that information
Have free choice in deciding whether to participate in or withdraw from the study

Content of Informed Consent—What Must Be Communicated?

Status as a study participant
Study goals
Type of data to be collected and procedures to be used
Nature of participant’s commitment

Content of Informed Consent (cont.)

Sponsorship of the study
Participant selection
Potential risks and benefits
Treatment alternatives

Content of Informed Consent (cont.)

Confidentiality pledge
Voluntary nature of participation
Participant’s right to withdraw or withhold information
Information on contacting researcher

Vulnerable Subjects

Children
Mentally or emotionally disabled people
Severely ill or physically disabled people
Terminally ill people
Institutionalized people
Pregnant women

22 Sep Select one of the conceptual models or theories described in chapter 6. Formulate a research question and one?to two hypotheses that could be used empiraclly to test the utility of t

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