WEEK 4

C O G N I T I V E & A F F E C T I V E B A S I S O F

B E H AV I O R

TOPICS

• WEEK FOUR: Expression

• Emotional Intelligence

• Facial Expressions

Chapter 30: Emotional Intelligence.

Article: Ekman, P., O’Sullivan, M., Friesen, W. V., & Scherer, K. R. (1991). Invited article: Face, voice, and body in

detecting deceit. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 15(2), 125-135.

Article: Leach, A.-M.,Ammar, N., England, D. N., Remigio, L. M., Kleinberg, B., &Verschuere, B. J. (2016). Less is

more? Detecting lies in veiled witnesses. Law and Human Behavior, 40(4), 401-410.

Audio Podcast: Radiolab (n.d.) Deception [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.radiolab.org. (Note: This

entire episode is one hour. If you want the direct URL it is http://www.radiolab.org/story/91612-deception/ from

Season 4, Episode 2)

ASSIGNMENTS

Assignments

• 1. Discussion (2.5%)

• 2. Peer review of partner’s Draft Project Literature Review

(5%)

PEER REVIEW

• The Week 4 assignment is to read, review and give feedback to your peer partner.

• Everyone has been assigned partners (posted under Gradebook).

• If you haven’t already, please send the same draft you uploaded for Week 3 to your partner via

email. Their email can be accessed through Blackboard.

BLACKBOARD ANNOUNCEMENT/EMAIL In Blackboard, you will be able to see your partner’s name under Gradebook column PARTNER

NAME.

1.After you upload the Week 3 assignment ‘Draft of Manuscript Introduction’ please send the same paper

in an email to your peer partner. You can access email in Blackboard under Email –> Select Users

(select partner name only).

2.After you receive your partner’s paper, you will upload your review of their paper under Week 4

Assignment (Peer Review of Partner’s Draft Manuscript Introduction/Lit Review).

1. You can add comments directly to your peer’s paper using the Review–> New Comment function

in Microsoft Word. Upload the reviewed copy into Week 4 assignment and email reviewed paper

back to partner so they can see your feedback.

3.You and your peer will exchange papers on Week 4 (lit review, gap, and hypothesis), Week 6 (methods,

results, limitations) and Week 8 (final paper). The goal of the peer review process is to provide

constructive criticism and feedback while working toward a polished final project.

PEER REVIEW

• Provide comments in the

text of the paper

• Introduction

• Background

• Rationale (gap)

• Research Questions &

Hypotheses

• Nature of Study

• Significance of Study

Literature Review/Background

 A focus on what has been found so far in previous research (what is

known)

 Synthesis of previous literature

 APA guidelines:

Formal, unbiased scholarly writing

Use of personal pronouns only when discussing your research (and

plural “we” only for multiple authors)

Paraphrasing and citations (avoiding direct quotes)

Silva, M.L. (2013, June 12). Strategies for

synthesis [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/c7HtCHtQ9w0

Gap

 Look for common phrases such as

 While previous studies have….

 Unlike previous research…

 This study will address previous limitations by …

 Gap(s) should be logical and easily identified

Research Question (RQs) and

Hypothesis

 Zoom in on the variables found in the RQ and hypothesis

Are they specific enough to be measurable?

Most hypotheses have 2 variables (IV/DV) or 3 variables (IV, DV, interaction variable)

Do they match in wording?

Are they written to reflect the correct type for measures (grouping/continuous)?

WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT GRADE

• Give your partner feedback that will help them:

– Think about comments which demonstrate areas they could improve.

– “ I didn’t understand this point…”

– “I could somewhat follow the organization but perhaps some more headings would help.”

– “Did you mean ______?”

– “Did you think about ______?”

– Focus on gap, RQ and hypothesis

• We are ultimately looking for clarity and precision so if you read and are unsure of

what they mean, point that out. It helps everyone to go back and be more specific!

SHARE AND UPLOAD

• Be sure to discuss your thoughts on his or her work with your partner

directly and do so with timeliness, professional courtesy, and scholarship.

• Be sure to save a copy of your peer evaluation and upload it Week 4

assignment so it is recorded in the course Grade Book.

Looking ahead to next week….

 Methods

 Participants

Who will be your participants? How would you recruit them?

Materials/Stimuli

What scales/measurements will you use to test your hypothesis?

 Procedure

How will your study be conducted?

 Results

Categorical vs continuous data

 How would you analyze the data to test your hypothesis

 Limitations

What other factors may impact your study?

Measuring Variables

The heart of methods is describing how you will measure your variables

Each variable in your hypothesis must be measured

How?

Scales (each variable should have separate scale)

Use standardized scales found in the literature

Check that the scale you select “matches” your variable as a construct

Experimental or grouping design- description of stimuli/manipulation/grouping

and measurements of DV

RQ: Continuous Variables

 Is there a relationship between the severity of childhood abuse and neglect and veterans’ reintegration difficulties?

Need measures for:

 childhood abuse and neglect severity

 reintegration difficulties

Research Questions Example (Groups or Repeated Designs)

Is there a difference in facial recognition accuracy for

those who have experienced childhood maltreatment

between negatively valenced and neutral faces?

Need measures/stimuli for:

IV- Type of face (negative vs neutral)

DV- Facial recognition accuracy (DV)

Part 1

Choose one concept, research finding, or question that stood out to you in your readings and content assigned for this week. Find

an empirical research article about this that was published in the scientific literature and provide a summary of that article here

answering the following questions. Attach the article to your post, and provide an APA style reference for it at the bottom of your

post.

1. What is the item that stood out to you and why?

2. What did the authors of the study you selected examine in their research? What did they hypothesize and why (rationale)?

3. What methods did they use?

4. What were the most meaningful findings the authors reported?

5. What is one limitation to their study?

6. How do the findings from this study help you better understand the content from this week?

Part 2

Looking forward to methods provide a brief explanation of what you may use for each of the following:

What is your hypothesis?

Who will be your participants (list characteristics of target sample)? How would you recruit them?

What scales/measurements will you use to test your hypothesis? Indicate which scale will measure which variable.

How will your study be conducted (online/in-person)?

1

Proposal: Effectiveness of non-pharmacological in Comparison to

Methylphenidate Stimulant Therapy

Barbara Maclure

9/18/2022

2

Effectiveness of non-pharmacological in Comparison to

Methylphenidate Stimulant Therapy

Introduction

Attentive–deficit hyperactivity is a psychological disorder that is well known, affecting

both children and adults. Some of the associated symptoms that are associated with ADHD include

inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and difficulty in focusing. It is reported that in the United

States, about 8.5% of children are affected by ADHD. In the treatment process, several ways have

been put into place. Despite the treatment, many studies reported that some treatment methods

have side effects. Therefore, knowing the method that least has the side effects is crucial. This

research proposal will play an essential role as it will identify whether non-pharmacological

intervention, behavioral therapy, and stimulant therapy have the same results in children aged 4 to

8.

Background of the study

Dr. George first identified ADHD when he was a pediatrician. He noted that his patients

had uncontrollable impulsive behavior. There was an introduction of the drug Benzedrine, which

was approved as it showed to improve ADHD symptoms in children. In 1950 there was the

introduction of Ritalin drugs which were used in ADHD treatment in both children and

adolescents. (Holland & Higuera (2017). The drug that is used in the treatment of ADHD to date is

Ritalin. Despite the doctors treating patients with ADHD symptoms from the 1930s, there was no

actual definition of ADHD. Still, it was given much attention in 1987 when the American

Psychiatric Association (APA) redefinition of the disorder.

3

By 2020, approximately 7.1 million young children aging between 2-17 years with ADHD

had been diagnosed. (Garbe (2018). Despite the prevalence of the disorder among children and

adolescents, ADHD is also present in adulthood. In most cases, this disorder is noted when the

child gets into the class and starts issues of failing to focus on the classroom. There are different

forms of ADHD which entails hyperactive/impulsive type, inattentive type, or a combination of the

two. There is a criterion that is customarily utilized in the treatment of ADHD. The parents and the

teacher are required to document the children's symptoms for a period of six months. Research

shows that ADHD is more common in males than women. One of the interventions utilized is

stimulant therapy, considered standard treatment for children after reaching an appropriate age.

The stimulus, for example, the medication, is said to have side effects which can be either mild or

severe. Some noticeable side effects include upset stomach, appetite change, heart abnormalities,

tics, and weight loss. Although the treated symbols are 70-80% treated, there can be the utilization

of other alternative therapies that do not require the use of stimulant medication and play an

essential role in minimizing ADHD symptoms.

The current research shows that approximately 9% of young children residing in United

States are affected by ADHD. Using stimulant therapy is the primary treatment method for the

symptoms. The current research also show that pharmacological therapy is an effective method of

treatment of the symptoms. Between 2013 and 2019, there were over 5873 articles written about

ADHD. The term “young children " was added to minimize the research and behavioral therapy

benefits and stimulants' side effects. In addition to this expression, the number of articles was

reduced to 500 and 200, while about fifty articles were related to the behavioral therapy treatment

of children.

4

To identify the gap in the research conducted to date, we shall look at the importance of

behavioral therapy and Methylphenidate treatment.

Use of behavioral Therapy

Before the stimulant therapy initiative in children with ADHD, there was a

recommendation for using behavioral therapy, an idea embraced in American Academy of

Pediatrics (AAP). The main aim of behavioral therapy was to help the kids gain self-control, self-

instruction, problem-solving ability, and modeling. Children with that ADHD has been diagnosed

said to have a high likelihood of developing emotional problems in their life. Behavioral therapy

can help children in their initial stages cope with the symptoms not only in childhood but also in

their adult life. A study by Thyagarajan shows that involving the parent and provider in behavioral

therapy in school-based children is crucial. This becomes important for the parent to be taught the

behavioral therapy technique.

The study that CDC did in 2018 indicated that less than 50 %of the children practicing the

stimulant therapy had initially practiced the behavioral therapy. Of the children aged between 4-5

years, only one out of five was taking the medication to treat ADHD instead of recommending the

use of behavioral therapy. This study also identified variations in the use of behavioral treatment

from State to State. (Thyagarajan (2019) The study showed that all those states that opted to utilize

behavioral therapy as the first line of treatment had decreased the number of children on the

stimulate therapies. Most studies have put a lot of emphasis on combining behavioral therapy and

stimulant medication. A study done in 2019 in 170 elementary schools indicated that combining

both therapies improved results.

Methyl

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