01 Oct The negative outcome of Erikson’s midlife stage, stagnation, focuses on
The negative outcome of Erikson’s midlife stage, stagnation, focuses on __________.
role confusion
selflessness
self-indulgence
guilt and shame
Question 2__________ is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development.
Birth length
Combined Apgar score
Delivery date
Birth weight
Question 3In operant conditioning, a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response is called a __________.
reinforcer
punishment
neutral stimulus
conditioned stimulus
Question 4If learning has occurred in classical conditioning, and the neutral stimulus by itself produces a response similar to the reflexive response, the neutral stimulus is then called a __________.
neutral response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
reinforcer
Question 5The more a mental ability depends on __________ intelligence, the earlier it starts to decline.
fluid
crystallized
emotional
cultural
Question 6In adulthood, __________ is associated with cognitive flexibility, creativity, advanced moral reasoning, and psychosocial maturity.
femininity
masculinity
androgyny
asexuality
Question 7According to Erikson, __________ occurs when aging adults feel they have made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity.
mistrust
despair
stagnation
isolation
Question 8To study the impact of biological aging on motor skills, researchers focus on __________.
sedentary adults
competitive athletes
men in their mid- to late thirties
women in their childbearing years
Question 9The negative outcome of Erikson’s midlife stage, stagnation, focuses on __________.
role confusion
selflessness
self-indulgence
guilt and shame
Question 10Adults often provide indirect feedback about grammar by using __________, which restructures inaccurate speech into correct form.
fast-mapping
an expansion
overregularization
a recast
Question 11Moral reasoning typically progresses to Kohlberg’s higher stages the longer a person __________.
is alive
attend church
remains in school
is employed
Question 12Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents, and rarely saw her father, she is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty’s ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as __________.
assimilation
resilience
age-graded development
multidimensional development
Question 13The __________ is the conscious, reflective part of our mental system.
sensory register
central executive
short-term memory store
automatic cognitive processor
Question 14At Kohlberg’s Stage __________, individuals can imagine alternatives to their own social order, and they emphasize fair procedures for interpreting and changing the law.
3, the “good boy?good girl” orientation
4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
5, the social contract orientation
6, the universal ethical principle orientation
Question 15According to Jean Piaget, __________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds.
imitation
adaptation
cognition
equilibrium
Question 16A combined Apgar score of __________ indicates that the infant is in good physical condition.
less than 3
3 or 4
5 or 6
7 or better
Question 17Carly, age 24, has a 22 percent increase over average body weight, based on her age, sex, and physical build. Carly is __________.
an obese adult
overweight, but not obese
probably suffering from a metabolic disorder
heavyset, but not overweight
Question 18Vygotsky’s theory __________.
focuses on how basic motor skills contribute to socially transmitted higher cognitive processes
pays more attention than Piaget’s to the development of basic cognitive processes
helps us understand the wide cultural variation in children’s cognitive skills
addresses how elementary capacities spark changes in children’s social experiences
Question 19Ivan Pavlov discovered __________.
observational learning
classical conditioning
the ego’s positive contributions to development
the clinical method
Question 20When Reggie takes his baby son, Tyson, to his workplace for the first time, Reggie’s assistant abruptly picks Tyson up and walks around the office. Tyson cries and reaches out for Reggie. Tyson is expressing __________.
sadness
stranger anxiety
separation anxiety
disgust
Question 21Typical parents give their sons toys that emphasize __________.
cooperation
nurturance
competition
physical attractiveness
Question 22Basic emotions __________.
appear in the middle of the second year
are universal in humans
are found only among humans
involve injury to our sense of self
Question 23Women who __________ tend to reach menopause earlier.
have had two or more children
do not smoke
have not borne children
have borne twins
Question 24According to Erikson, the major personality attainment of adolescence is __________.
trust
identity
autonomy
intimacy
Question 25__________ parenting in particular is linked to emerging adults’ psychological well-being.
Overprotective
Permissive
Autonomy-supportive
Helicopter
Question 26The immune response is the combined work of specialized cells that neutralize or destroy __________ in the body.
T cells
B cells
telomeres
antigens
Question 27__________ increase(s) from early to middle adulthood.
Possible selves
Self-doubt
Destructiveness
Autonomy
Question 28In __________ coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it.
problem-centered
emotion-centered
effort-centered
avoidant
Question 29Within the family life cycle, stress tends to be greatest __________.
in early adulthood
in middle age
in late adulthood
during transitions between phases
Question 30Jennifer, age 45, is a Girl Scout leader. She really enjoys giving to and guiding the next generation. According to Erikson, Jennifer has developed a sense of __________.
autonomy
intimacy
stagnation
generativity
Question 31The information-processing perspective __________.
examines separate aspects of thinking
fails to consider biological influences on cognitive development
applies only to children in cultures having formal schooling
focuses on overall cognitive change
Question 32__________ may heighten the effects of a high-fat diet.
Sex hormones
Over-the-counter medications
Free radicals
Low body weight
Question 33Today, Albert Bandura’s theory stresses the importance of __________.
behavior modification
punishment
cognition
reinforcement
Question 34By age 2, children __________.
take turns in face-to-face interaction
can infer a speaker’s indirectly expressed intention
adjust their speech to fit the age of their listeners
adjust their speech to fit the social status of their listeners
Question 35Depression __________.
declines with age
responds to treatment that is completely covered by Medicare
is rarely related to physical illness or pain
can lead to cognitive deterioration
Question 36Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?
guilt
happiness
interest
fear
Question 37Erikson believed that successful resolution of intimacy versus isolation prepares the individual for the middle adulthood stage, which focuses on __________.
initiative
autonomy
generativity
industry
Question 38Which parenting style is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence?
uninvolved
authoritarian
authoritative
permissive
Question 39__________ love is strong at the beginning of a relationship.
Compassionate
Affectionate
Passionate
Companionate
Question 40The connection between more mature moral reasoning and action is __________.
nil
weak
modest
strong
Question 41Between 6 and 10 weeks, the parent’s communication with the infant evokes __________.
the social smile
laughter
social referencing
secure attachment
Question 42Newborn babies respond with __________ to changes in body temperature.
fear
generalized distress
generalized happiness
surprise
Question 43As __________, length of life increases.
education decreases
income decreases
education and income increase
incidence of diseases increases
Question 44__________ disrupts the brain’s regulation of hunger and metabolism.
Self-regulation
Frequent eating out
Reduced sleep
Using screen media
Question 45In egalitarian marriages, __________.
there is a clear division of roles
partners share power and authority
the husband is the head of the household
the wife is responsible for family economic well-being
Question 46__________ is the most consistent predictor of marital stability.
Religious similarity
Age at marriage
Acceptance of in-laws
Educational level
Question 47Striving for continuity is essential for attaining Erikson’s sense of __________, which depends on preserving a sense of personal history.
intimacy
ego identity
ego integrity
initiative
Question 48Pregnant women are wise to avoid eating __________, which are heavily contaminated with __________.
long-lived predatory fish; mercury
freshwater fish; lead
long-lived predatory fish; lead
freshwater fish; radiation
Question 49The judgments that make up self-__________ are among the most important aspects of self-development because they affect our emotional experiences, future behavior, and long-term psychological adjustment.
awareness
esteem
control
talk
Question 50__________ is strongly associated with healthy eating in teenagers.
Vitamin supplementation
Number of hours of sleep
Dieting in adolescence
Frequency of family meals
