12 Nov What optional content did you choose to review and why? How has the content reviewed expanded your understanding of the unit/module topic? In what ways does it connect to your chosen major whi
Directions:
Choose 3 or more of the optional readings or videos provided with Modules 14 – 15 to review. After reviewing them answer the following questions
What optional content did you choose to review and why?
How has the content reviewed expanded your understanding of the unit/module topic?
In what ways does it connect to your chosen major which is (Business Administration) or other courses you may be taking?
Posts should be at least 300 words.
use this link and the file that I upload.
SWU 171 Intro to Social Work Dr. Hilary Haseley, PhD, MSW, ACUE
Overview
Chapter 12
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.
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Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Criminal justice system: A large network of organizations (e.g., courts, police departments, prisons, jails, probation agencies) dedicated to the enforcement of laws and the administration of justice
Crime: An act or behavior that is prohibited by criminal law and punishable by negative sanctions (e.g., probation, fine, jail term)
Laws: Legislative acts passed at local, state, and federal levels by corresponding political entities to define and regulate acceptable and unacceptable behavior and action
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Criminals: People who have been found guilty and as a result are classified as having committed a crime
Subject to biases of people who influence the writing, enacting, and enforcing of laws
Based on assumptions about right and wrong
Challenging and controversial area of practice for many social workers
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.
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Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Types of Crimes:
Misdemeanor: Relatively minor crimes (e.g., traffic violations) that are punishable by a fine and a small amount of time
Felony: Serious crimes (e.g., murder) that are punishable by extended imprisonment and sometimes death
Classifications of crime
Violent crimes: Crimes against people that involve the use of force or threatened force
Robbery: Stealing from another person
Aggravated assault: Attacking another person physically
Rape: Sexual penetration through the use of force
Homicide: Illegally causing the death of another person
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Classifications of crime
Violent crimes: Crimes against people that involve the use of force or threatened force
Robbery: Stealing from another person
Aggravated assault: Attacking another person physically
Rape: Sexual penetration through the use of force
Homicide: Illegally causing the death of another person
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.
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Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Types of Crimes
Property crimes: Crimes involving the taking of money or property
Larceny: Stealing of property
Arson: Malicious burning of property
Burglary: Breaking into a house or building to steal
Victimless crimes: Illegal acts that (arguably) do not have a readily identifiable victim, such as gambling
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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on behalf of a corporation and with its support
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Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Hate crimes: Crimes that involve intimidation and the intent to hurt people based on race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, ability differences, and other forms of diversity; these include the use of verbal threats, acts of violence, fear, physical attack, and explosives
https://www.matthewshepard.org/
White-collar crimes: Acts that occur in the course of employment or normal work activities, such as fraud or theft
Corporate criminals: People who commit crimes on behalf of a corporation and with its support
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.
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Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
The Contextual Nature of Crime
Laws change over time and from place to place (e.g., prohibition, same sex marriage, weed)
Crimes are perceived differently depending on the criminal (e.g., criminal vs. juvenile delinquent, race)
People with resources may be able to avoid convictions and consequences others cannot
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
The Correctional System
Probation is given in lieu of imprisonment and carries requirements like community service, treatment, regular reporting, and/or drug testing
Parole is early release from prison under certain conditions; violations may result in reimprisonment
Prison is a last-resort option that is quite expensive; incarceration costs over $26,000 per year per prisoner
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Juvenile Justice and Corrections
Juveniles (people under 18) are viewed differently;
Emancipated adults are under 18 but recognized as independent by the court
Status offenses are crimes due to the individual’s age, meaning that they would not be criminal offenses for adults (e.g., underage drinking)
Juvenile offenses impact not just the juvenile, but their families and communities
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime
Diversion programs: Programs designed to help offenders address behaviors and problems contributing to an arrest with the goal of preventing subsequent criminal activity
Juvenile corrections: Intervention, services, and programs for minors as a result of their involvement in the criminal justice system and courts
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.
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Conflicting Attitudes about Those Who Commit Crimes
Attitudes toward Punishment
Conflicting values regarding criminal justice
Need for transgressors to take individual responsibility
Need for society to punish behaviors that violate laws and norms
Attitudes toward punishment
Intended functions of the correctional system
Social protection: Only temporary protects society, as people may commit more crimes once released from jail, especially if they’re lacking support needed to succeed outside of jail
Deterrence: Based on the idea that fear of punishment will prevent future criminal activity but it’s not clear if this is the reality
Rehabilitation: There are too few rehabilitation programs so many people are released from prison without having addressed the underlying factors associated with their incarceration
Retribution: Based on the belief that penalty or punishment should match the severity of the crime
Our criminal justice system focuses more on retribution
The United States incarcerates more of its citizens than any other country
As a result, jails and prisons are overcrowded
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Conflicting Attitudes about Those Who Commit Crimes
Attitudes Toward Rehabilitation
Recidivism is very high in part because reintegration is difficult
Being labeled as a criminal makes it difficult to find a well-paying job after release
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Social Workers and the Criminal Justice System
Forensic social work: Application of a social work outlook to legal issues and litigation
Include evaluations, counseling, mediation, probation/parole services, correctional services, domestic violence services, and more
Aims to correct imbalances and injustices within the justice system and to analyze the social factors that lead to crime
National organization of forensic social work: A nationally recognized professional organization dedicated to the advancement of education in forensic social work
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Social Workers and the Criminal Justice System
Social Work Values Regarding Criminal Justice
Prevention—Should be the first goal
Justice—Advocating for fair and equitable access to info, services, resources
Dignity—Treating people with respect and taking into account their challenges
Best practices and quality services—Legal representation and rehabilitation services must be available
Restorative justice—Acknowledging guilt and performing restitution
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Social Workers and the Criminal Justice System
Interactions with the Criminal Justice System
Police
Police officers: Sworn and authorized officers recognized by local, state, county, or federal authorities to enforce and uphold laws
Includes city officers, county sheriffs, state highway patrol officers, and federal enforcement agents
Varying policing approaches
Broken windows: Maintained that smaller problems in communities of color lead to a breakdown of public order and the rise of more serious crimes
Community policing: Suggests that police officers must develop trust and respect in communities being served
May work closely with social workers, especially with child neglect and abuse investigations
Police officers are increasingly being scrutinized for racial bias and racial profiling
There are additional concerns about police force with disabled individuals
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Social Workers and the Criminal Justice System
Courts
Judges and magistrates: Attorneys elected or appointed to lead and rule over court and its processes
Courts don’t have the capacity to hear all cases, which may lead to plea bargaining, or a negotiation with the prosecution for a reduced charge or sentence
Attorneys
Prosecutors: An attorney representing a government entity and arguing that the accused is guilty
Defense attorney represents the accused and argues their innocence
Corrections officers
Hired to oversee inmates and maintain order
Enforce jail and prison rules among inmates
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.
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Contemporary Criminal Justice Topics for Social Workers
Victim Assistance Programs
Perpetrators and victims (the term survivor is often preferred)
Aiding survivors of crime through the legal process as an advocate
Restorative justice principle applies here as well
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Contemporary Criminal Justice Topics for Social Workers
Deviant Behavior and Social Status
Criminality of a behavior is based on social norms, which may shift
Welfare fraud is often more reviled than much more destructive corporate crimes
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Contemporary Criminal Justice Topics for Social Workers
Mental Health and Criminal Justice
Many people in jail/prison have mental illnesses and their behavior has been criminalized
Mental health options need to be available in communities to help reduce crime and recidivism
https://www.azdhs.gov/az-state-hospital/index.php
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Contemporary Criminal Justice Topics for Social Workers
Issues Affecting Children and Youth
Exposure and desensitization to violent behavior
Repeated exposure to violence can cause desensitization
This can lead to greater proclivities toward violence as well as decreased fear about dangerous acts
Exposure to violent media has been a concern of social work as well
Parental imprisonment
Effects on children include loss, trauma, embarrassment, frustration, stigma, and more
Children need to be reassured they are not at fault
https://nicic.gov/projects/children-of-incarcerated-parents
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Diversity and Criminal Justice
Class
Poor people are more likely arrested and imprisoned because they are more likely to be caught and not to have the resources to fight conviction
Social workers advocate for quality legal services for all
Policing, the court system, and incarceration take a heavy toll on economically challenged communities
Different legal system and court experience for people of high social-economic status
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Diversity and Criminal Justice
Gender and Sexual Orientation
Victims of hate crime often feel stigmatized and may be unsure whether to report
Women are more likely to be victims of crime
They are less likely to report rape in rural areas
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Diversity and Criminal Justice
Gender and Sexual Orientation
Gender disparities in the criminal justice system
Population of women in prison is increasing, including pregnant women
Maternal and infant health must be properly addressed in correctional settings
Human trafficking particularly targets women
Social workers can challenge the patriarchal status quo to give victims a voice
Social workers can help to advocate for proper treatment of LGBTQ+ citizens and work to eliminate barriers to their reporting of crime victimization
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Diversity and Criminal Justice
Race
African Americans have higher arrest and incarceration rates
They also see the CJ system quite differently than Whites, impacting interactions with that system
Skepticism and concern about police is not the same as being antipolice
Ethnicity
African Americans and Latin Americans are overrepresented in crime rates
Whites and Asian Americans (“the model minority”) are underrepresented
Asian American and White criminals are also punished less severely than other groups
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Diversity and Criminal Justice
Age
Crimes peak in teen years and decline rapidly thereafter
Developmental issues influence criminal behavior among the young
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Dynamic Advocacy and Criminal Justice
Economic and Social Justice
The poor need advocacy for their rights to be respected
Cannot afford quality legal representation, increasing risk of conviction
Accused people with mental illnesses must be properly assessed to stand trial
The poor must be treated humanely in correctional facilities
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Dynamic Advocacy and Criminal Justice
Supportive Environment
Healthy living environments help discourage criminal behavior
Crime and gangs go together in low-income neighborhoods
Social workers can engage in prevention activities aimed at reducing criminal behavior in at-risk areas
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Dynamic Advocacy and Criminal Justice
Human Needs and Rights
Social workers need to change laws.
Social workers need to seek to change/advance laws that benefit clients and help all people
Advocacy is about what the clients state as their needs, not what the social worker believes the client’s needs are
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Dynamic Advocacy and Criminal Justice
Political Access
Advocacy for criminals is often unpopular with politicians
Criminals may lose voting rights and feel they have no voice in the political process
Politicians are loath to approve funding for programs aimed at helping people convicted of crimes
Gun access is expanding in many states despite concerns about crime
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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SWU 171 Intro to social work dr. Hilary Haseley, phd, msw, acue
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Military Social Work
Nearly all social workers will likely assist service members in some capacity and context
Multiple health, mental health, and social challenges for service members
US Department of Veterans Affairs is the largest employer of MSWs in the United States
Service member: Preferred term instead of soldier; universal term for those currently serving in the armed forces
Increasing behavioral health care from social workers following World War II
Programs offered by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Military social work
Conscription: forced military service
Or draft
US military has been all-volunteer since 1973
Educational benefits subsidy as large as $60,000, Post 9/11 GI Bill, for 4 years
More interventions and long-term care for service members
Author, Title and Edition. © 20XX SAGE Publishing.
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Deployment
Deployment: Action of systematically stationing military persons or forces over an area or moving forces within an area of military operation
Can be difficult on the service member along with their families
Deployment lengths: usually between 6 and 12 months
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Reintegration
Reintegration: Resumption of age, gender, and culturally appropriate roles in the family, community, and workplace
May be a time of difficulty and personal stress
Support is needed for military service members during reintegration
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Military Culture
Incorporates unity, a sense of purpose and direction, and values
Uniform Code of Military Justice governs military behavior and morality
Department of Defense (DoD): HQ of all six branches of the military
Hierarchy and bureaucracy are the norm
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Military Culture
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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15-2 Understand military culture, values, and beliefs.
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Military Culture
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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15-2 Understand military culture, values, and beliefs.
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Military Culture
Four distinct pillars of military culture
Strict discipline
Loyalty and self-sacrifice
Ceremonies and rituals used to solidify common identities
Emphasis on cohesion
Common reasons for joining
Identification with warrior mentality
Family legacy
Benefits of military life
Escape from difficult situations at home
Exposure to military service during school
Strong predictor of enlistment rates
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Military Culture
Veterans: Active duty, discharged, retired, or reserve military members
Status conferred after receiving a general and honorable discharge
Benefits from status
https://benefits.va.gov/benefits/
Cox, Introduction to Social Work, 3e. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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