“Is it the leader or is it the context? Paradox – One of the oldest and most debated paradoxes is the fascinating debate as to whether history is shaped by heroic change agents or whether leaders and their followers are primarily and more decisively shaped by their times, by events, and by the economic, social, and physical circumstances in which they live.” (Cronin & Genovese, 2012, p.23) 

Required Textbook:  Wart, Montgomery Van, and Pamela S. Medina. (2023). Leadership in Public and Nonprofit Organizations: An Introduction. 4th ed. New York: Routledge. , Ch. 15 

 Xue, Lan, and Kaibin Zhong. (2012). Domestic reform and global integration: public administration reform in China over the last 30 years. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 78 (2), 284-304.